A Study on Fire Behavior and Evacuation Simulation of Electric Vehicles in Underground Parking Garages

doi:10.69756/jnh.2025.10.1.013

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2025 Vol.10, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Article

A Study on Fire Behavior and Evacuation Simulation of Electric Vehicles in Underground Parking Garages 지하주차장 내 전기자동차 화재·피난 시뮬레이션 연구: 방성혁
Bang, Seonghyeok; 경남대학교 소방방재공학과 대학원생

Graduate student, Department of Fire & Disaster prevention Engineering, Kyungnam University

30 April 2025. pp. 13-20

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Abstract

Unlike traditional fires, EV battery fires exhibit distinct characteristics, including high temperatures, toxic gas emissions, and difficulty in suppression, posing a severe threat to museum buildings and their cultural artifacts. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of EV fires within underground parking garages to provide data for establishing fire spread and evacuation strategies. The results demonstrate a rapid temperature rise in the underground parking garage during an EV fire, with temperatures reaching 1044°C near the top of the EV (2m), indicating a significant impact on building structures. Furthermore, the toxic gases generated by the fire spread rapidly throughout the underground parking garage, compromising safe evacuation within 120 seconds. Therefore, to mitigate damage from EV fires, it is crucial to develop and deploy fire suppression systems capable of rapid detection and extinguishment.

Keywords

Electric vehicle

Underground parking garages

Fire simulation

Evacuation simulation

전기자동차 배터리 화재는 고온, 유독가스 발생, 진압의 어려움 등 전통적인 화재와는 다른 특성을 가지며, 박물관 건물 및 그 안의 문화재에 심각한 피해를 유발할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 지하주차장 내부에서 전기자동차의 화재 시 특성을 분석하여 화재전파 및 피난대책 수립을 위한 데이터를 제시하고자 한다. 전기자동차 화재 시 지하주차장 내의 온도는 급격히 상승하며 전기자동차 상부 2m 부근의 온도가 1044 ℃에 도달하였으며 이는 전기자동차의 화재가 건물 구조에 상당한 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한 화재로 인하여 발생된 유독 가스는 매우 빠른 시간에 지하주차장 내로 확산되어 120초 경과 시 재실자의 안전한 피난에 좋지 않은 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 따라서 전기자동차의 화재로부터 피해를 저감하기 위해서는 화재를 신속하게 감지하고 진압할 수 있는 소화시스템을 개발하고 보급하여야 한다.

키워드

전기자동차

지하주차장

화재 시뮬레이션

피난 시뮬레이션

References

Altunisik, A.C., Mostofi, S., Baltaci, A., et al. (2024). "Investigation of the Effects of Sprinkler System in Automated Vehicle Parking Structures Using Performance-Based Fire Assessment," Fire Technology, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 681-708.
10.1007/s10694-024-01634-5
Babrauskas, V., et al. (1995). "The generation of CO in bench scale fire tests and the prediction for real scale fires," Fire and Materials, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 205-213.
10.1002/fam.810190503
Gao, S., Feng, X., Lu, L., et al. (2019). "An experimental and analytical study of thermal runaway propagation in a large format lithium ion battery module with NCM pouch-cells in parallel," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 135, No. 1, pp. 93-103.
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.125
Kang, S., Kwon, M., Choi, J.Y., Choi, S. (2023). "Full-scale fire testing of battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Vol. 332, 120497.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120497
Khoury, G.A., et al. (2000). "Effect of fire on concrete and concrete structures," Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 429-447.
10.1002/pse.51
McGrattan, K., et al. (2023). "Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 6.8.0): Technical Reference Guide," NIST Special Publication, Vol. 1018-8, No. 1, pp. 1-282.
McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., Miziolek, A.W., et al. (1998). "Diode-laser-based measurements of hydrogen fluoride gas during chemical suppression of fires," Applied Physics B, Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 443-447.
10.1007/s003400050528
Rhea, D., et al. (2024). "Pathfinder 2024.1: Technical Reference Manual," Thunderhead Engineering Publication, Vol. 2024.1, No. 1, pp. 1-150.
Zhu, Q., Liang, K., Zhou, X., et al. (2024). "Research on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Capacity Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries for Electric Vehicles," World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 147.
10.3390/wevj15040147

Information

Publisher :National Heritage Disaster Prevention Society
Publisher(Ko) :국가유산방재학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Cultural Heritage Disaster Prevention
Journal Title(Ko) :저널국가유산
Volume : 10
No :1
Pages :13-20
DOI :https://doi.org/10.69756/jnh.2025.10.1.013

[1] Altunisik, A.C., Mostofi, S., Baltaci, A., et al. (2024). "Investigation of the Effects of Sprinkler System in Automated Vehicle Parking Structures Using Performance-Based Fire Assessment," Fire Technology, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 681-708.
10.1007/s10694-024-01634-5

[2] Babrauskas, V., et al. (1995). "The generation of CO in bench scale fire tests and the prediction for real scale fires," Fire and Materials, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 205-213.
10.1002/fam.810190503

[3] Gao, S., Feng, X., Lu, L., et al. (2019). "An experimental and analytical study of thermal runaway propagation in a large format lithium ion battery module with NCM pouch-cells in parallel," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 135, No. 1, pp. 93-103.
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.125

[4] Kang, S., Kwon, M., Choi, J.Y., Choi, S. (2023). "Full-scale fire testing of battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Vol. 332, 120497.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120497

[5] Khoury, G.A., et al. (2000). "Effect of fire on concrete and concrete structures," Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 429-447.
10.1002/pse.51

[6] McGrattan, K., et al. (2023). "Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 6.8.0): Technical Reference Guide," NIST Special Publication, Vol. 1018-8, No. 1, pp. 1-282.

[7] McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., Miziolek, A.W., et al. (1998). "Diode-laser-based measurements of hydrogen fluoride gas during chemical suppression of fires," Applied Physics B, Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 443-447.
10.1007/s003400050528

[8] Rhea, D., et al. (2024). "Pathfinder 2024.1: Technical Reference Manual," Thunderhead Engineering Publication, Vol. 2024.1, No. 1, pp. 1-150.

[9] Zhu, Q., Liang, K., Zhou, X., et al. (2024). "Research on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Capacity Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries for Electric Vehicles," World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 147.
10.3390/wevj15040147

Journal National Heritage ISSN:3022-9200(Print) 3022-9383(Online) 저널 국가유산

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