A Systematic Framework of Preventive Conservation Methods Based on Component-Specific Deterioration of Stone Pagodas

doi:10.69756/jnh.2026.11.2.105

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2026 Vol.11, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

Article

A Systematic Framework of Preventive Conservation Methods Based on Component-Specific Deterioration of Stone Pagodas 석탑 부위별 훼손 특성에 기반한 예방보존 방법 체계화: 최두호*ㆍ문종욱**
Choi, Duho*ㆍMoon, Jongwook**; * 정회원, 경남대학교 건축학부 교수(E-mail: dhchoi@kyungnam.ac.kr)
** 교신저자, 정회원, 경남대학교 건축학부 교수(E-mail: mc8126@kyungnam.ac.kr)

* Member. Professor, School of Architecture, Kyungnam University
** Corresponding Author, Member, Professor, School of Architecture, Kyungnam University

31 August 2026. pp. 105-119

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Abstract

Stone cultural heritage in Korea is permanently exposed to the open air and thus directly subject to hazards such as rainfall, freeze-thaw cycles, wind and lightning; deterioration accumulated under ordinary conditions constitutes the structural vulnerability that such hazards act upon. Nevertheless, its management has long been centred on repair and reinforcement carried out after damage becomes visible. This study aims to systematize preventive conservation methods that respond to the component-specific deterioration characteristics of stone pagodas. The individual survey records of all 23 state-designated stone pagodas documented in three volumes of the Regular Survey Reports on State-Designated Architectural Heritage (2021-2023), which cover the Yeongnam region and Jeju, were coded by component (stylobate, body stones, roof stones and finial) and by deterioration type, using an operational classification grounded in the ICOMOS-ISCS glossary and the domestic standard legend for damage mapping. The full list of the analysed pagodas and the operational definition of each component are presented so that the coding can be reproduced. The composition of deterioration types differed significantly across components (χ2=34.53, p=0.011): displacement and loosening dominated the stylobate; material loss and surface discolouration the body stones; discolouration and biological colonization the roof stones; and material loss together with missing members the finial. Repair-history analysis further showed that reactive interventions were mentioned about 18 times as often as preventive activities, so that the reactive bias of current management is evidenced by the official records themselves. Building on these findings, this study proposes a component-specific correspondence matrix that links deterioration characteristics to preventive conservation methods, prioritizing non-interventive measures, together with an operational procedure that converts survey results into preventive actions. The applicability of the proposed methods was evaluated against the criteria of authenticity preservation, non-invasiveness, reversibility and maintainability.

Keywords

Stone pagoda

Preventive conservation

Regular survey

Component-specific deterioration

Conservation management

Risk management

석조문화유산은 옥외에 상시 노출되어 강우·동결융해·강풍·낙뢰 등 재해 요인에 직접 노출되며, 평상시 누적된 훼손은 재해 발생 시 구조적 취약성의 전제가 된다. 그럼에도 현행 관리는 손상이 가시화된 이후의 보수·보강에 편중되어 있다. 본 연구는 석탑의 부위별 훼손 특성에 대응하는 예방보존 방법의 체계화를 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 국가지정 건조물문화유산 정기조사 결과보고서(2021~2023) 3개 권에 수록된 국가지정 석탑 23기 전수의 개별조사서를 분석 자료로 삼아, 부위별(기단부·탑신부·옥개석·상륜부) 훼손유형과 수리이력을 코딩하고 그 분포 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 대상 석탑 23기의 개별 목록과 부위 구분의 조작적 정의를 함께 제시하여 코딩의 재현성을 확보하였다. 분석 결과, 부위에 따라 훼손유형의 구성이 상이하였으며(χ2=34.53, p=0.011), 기단부는 이격·이완과 균열 등 구조계 훼손이, 탑신부는 탈락과 표면 변색이, 옥개석은 변색과 생물피해가, 상륜부는 탈락·멸실 등 결손 계열이 우세하였다. 또한 수리이력 분석에서 사후 개입(구조 보수·보존처리)과 예방적 활동(진단·모니터링)의 언급 비율이 약 18:1로 나타나, 현행 관리의 사후 대응 편중이 공식 기록으로 확인되었다. 이를 토대로 본 연구는 부위별 훼손 특성과 예방보존 방법을 연결하는 대응 매트릭스와 진단-변환-실행의 운영 절차를 제안하고, 원형보존성·비침습성·가역성·유지관리성 기준의 적용성 평가를 수행하였다.

키워드

석탑

예방보존

정기조사

부위별 훼손

보존관리

위험관리

References

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10.1080/13556207.2003.10785342
CEN (2012). EN 16096:2012 Conservation of Cultural Property — Condition Survey and Report of Built Cultural Heritage. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
Han, S.H., Ahn, H.K. (1990). “석조문화재의 생물학적 손상요인과 보존정책.” Heritage: History & Science, Vol.23, pp.155-163.
10.1016/0378-1135(90)90145-L
Chun, Kyoung-Mee. (2018). “A Preservation Methodology for the Maintenance of Cultural Heritages.” The Art History Journal, Vol.50, pp.243-264.
10.24828/AHJ.50.243.264
Jeon, Kyeong-Mi. (2023). “Cultural Heritage Care Monitoring and Preventive Conservation for the Original Form Maintenance of Wooden Architectural Heritage.” Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science, Vol.56, No.4, pp.192-214.
Jo, Sangsun. (2019). “A Basic Study on the Principles of the Recovery of Cultural Heritage Related with Disaster and Damage - Based on the Analysis of the Charter, Declaration and Convention -.” Journal of National Heritage, Vol.4, No.1, pp.1-19.
Jo, Y.H., Lee, C.H. (2011). “Making Method of Deterioration Map and Evaluation Techniques of Surface and Three-dimensional Deterioration Rate for Stone Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Conservation Science, Vol.27, No.3, pp.251-260.
Lee, G. (2019). “Assessment of Damage for the Three-Storied Stone Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju.” Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol.20, No.9, pp.299-305.
10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.9.299
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10.12654/JCS.2015.31.4.03
Michalski, S., Pedersoli, J.L. (2016). The ABC Method: A Risk Management Approach to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage. ICCROM and Canadian Conservation Institute, Rome, Italy.
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2019). Repair and Maintenance of the Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa Temple Site, Iksan I-III. NRICH, Research Report No.9, Daejeon, Korea.
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2022). Regular Survey Report on State-Designated Architectural Heritage 2021 (National Treasures and Treasures), Vol.6. NRICH, Daejeon, Korea.
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2023). Regular Survey Report on State-Designated Architectural Heritage 2022 (National Treasures and Treasures), Vol.8. NRICH, Daejeon, Korea.
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Safety and Disaster Prevention Research Division (2024). Regular Survey Report on State-Designated Architectural Heritage 2023 (National Treasures and Treasures), Vol.7. NRICH, Daejeon, Korea.
Park, M.E., Sung, K.Y. (2005). “Reaction Path Modeling of Granitic Cultural Properties and Its Implication for Preservation.” Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol.18, No.2, pp.83-92.
Suh, Mancheol, Choi, Huisoo, Lee, Chan Hee, and Oh, Jinyong. (2003). “Geophysical Exploration for the Site Characteristics of the Western Three-Story Stone Pagoda in Gameun Temple.” Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society, Vol.6, No.1, pp.39-46.
Vergès-Belmin, V. (ed.) (2008). Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns. ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone (ISCS), Paris, France.
Yang, H.J., Kim, S.D., Lee, C.H., Choi, S.W. (2004). “Deterioration Assessment and Dissection Process for Rock Properties of Stone Pagoda in the Mireuksaji Temple Site, Korea.” Journal of Conservation Science, Vol.16, pp.77-88.

Information

Publisher :National Heritage Disaster Prevention Society
Publisher(Ko) :국가유산방재학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Cultural Heritage Disaster Prevention
Journal Title(Ko) :저널국가유산
Volume : 11
No :2
Pages :105-119
DOI :https://doi.org/10.69756/jnh.2026.11.2.105

[1] Accardo, G., Giani, E., Giovagnoli, A. (2003). “The Risk Map of Italian Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Architectural Conservation, Vol.9, No.2, pp.41-57.
10.1080/13556207.2003.10785342

[2] CEN (2012). EN 16096:2012 Conservation of Cultural Property — Condition Survey and Report of Built Cultural Heritage. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

[3] Han, S.H., Ahn, H.K. (1990). “석조문화재의 생물학적 손상요인과 보존정책.” Heritage: History & Science, Vol.23, pp.155-163.
10.1016/0378-1135(90)90145-L

[4] Chun, Kyoung-Mee. (2018). “A Preservation Methodology for the Maintenance of Cultural Heritages.” The Art History Journal, Vol.50, pp.243-264.
10.24828/AHJ.50.243.264

[5] Jeon, Kyeong-Mi. (2023). “Cultural Heritage Care Monitoring and Preventive Conservation for the Original Form Maintenance of Wooden Architectural Heritage.” Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science, Vol.56, No.4, pp.192-214.

[6] Jo, Sangsun. (2019). “A Basic Study on the Principles of the Recovery of Cultural Heritage Related with Disaster and Damage - Based on the Analysis of the Charter, Declaration and Convention -.” Journal of National Heritage, Vol.4, No.1, pp.1-19.

[7] Jo, Y.H., Lee, C.H. (2011). “Making Method of Deterioration Map and Evaluation Techniques of Surface and Three-dimensional Deterioration Rate for Stone Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Conservation Science, Vol.27, No.3, pp.251-260.

[8] Lee, G. (2019). “Assessment of Damage for the Three-Storied Stone Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju.” Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol.20, No.9, pp.299-305.
10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.9.299

[9] Lee, T.J., Oh, H.J., Cho, H.J., Kim, S.D. (2015). “A Study on the Reinforcement of the Damaged Stone Surface by Dismantling of Stone Cultural Heritages - Focusing on the Experiment of a Sublimation(Reversibility) type Consolidant -.” Journal of Conservation Science, Vol.31, No.4, pp.351-360.
10.12654/JCS.2015.31.4.03

[10] Michalski, S., Pedersoli, J.L. (2016). The ABC Method: A Risk Management Approach to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage. ICCROM and Canadian Conservation Institute, Rome, Italy.

[11] National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2019). Repair and Maintenance of the Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa Temple Site, Iksan I-III. NRICH, Research Report No.9, Daejeon, Korea.

[12] National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2022). Regular Survey Report on State-Designated Architectural Heritage 2021 (National Treasures and Treasures), Vol.6. NRICH, Daejeon, Korea.

[13] National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2023). Regular Survey Report on State-Designated Architectural Heritage 2022 (National Treasures and Treasures), Vol.8. NRICH, Daejeon, Korea.

[14] National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Safety and Disaster Prevention Research Division (2024). Regular Survey Report on State-Designated Architectural Heritage 2023 (National Treasures and Treasures), Vol.7. NRICH, Daejeon, Korea.

[15] Park, M.E., Sung, K.Y. (2005). “Reaction Path Modeling of Granitic Cultural Properties and Its Implication for Preservation.” Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol.18, No.2, pp.83-92.

[16] Suh, Mancheol, Choi, Huisoo, Lee, Chan Hee, and Oh, Jinyong. (2003). “Geophysical Exploration for the Site Characteristics of the Western Three-Story Stone Pagoda in Gameun Temple.” Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society, Vol.6, No.1, pp.39-46.

[17] Vergès-Belmin, V. (ed.) (2008). Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns. ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone (ISCS), Paris, France.

[18] Yang, H.J., Kim, S.D., Lee, C.H., Choi, S.W. (2004). “Deterioration Assessment and Dissection Process for Rock Properties of Stone Pagoda in the Mireuksaji Temple Site, Korea.” Journal of Conservation Science, Vol.16, pp.77-88.

Journal National Heritage ISSN:3022-9200(Print) 3022-9383(Online) 저널 국가유산

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