A Study on the Dynamic Buffering Mechanism of Stone Foundation Systems in Korean Traditional Wooden Architecture and Hybrid Seismic Retrofit Strategies Based on Japanese Heritage Cases

doi:10.69756/jnh.2026.11.2.121

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2026 Vol.11, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

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A Study on the Dynamic Buffering Mechanism of Stone Foundation Systems in Korean Traditional Wooden Architecture and Hybrid Seismic Retrofit Strategies Based on Japanese Heritage Cases 한국 전통 목조건축 주춧돌 기초의 동적 완충 메커니즘과 일본 문화재 면진 사례 기반 하이브리드 개조의 적용 가능성 연구: 문종욱*ㆍ김병윤**
Moon, Jongwook*ㆍKim, Byungyun**; * 정회원, 경남대학교 건축공학과 교수(E-mail: mc8126@kyungnam.ac.kr)
** 교신저자, 정회원, 가톨릭관동대학교 건축공학과 교수(E-mail: kby@cku.ac.kr)

* Member. Professor, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Kyungnam University
** Corresponding Author, Member, Professor, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University

31 August 2026. pp. 121-132

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Abstract

This study examines the dynamic behavior potential of independent stone foundation systems in Korean traditional wooden architecture and discusses their applicability to modern seismic isolation and conservation-compatible retrofit strategies. Korean traditional wooden buildings are typically supported by timber columns directly placed on individual stone bases, forming a discontinuous contact-based foundation system that differs fundamentally from the fixed-base assumptions of modern reinforced concrete structures. Under seismic or lateral loading, micro-sliding, local rocking motion, and friction-based energy dissipation may occur at the column–stone interface. These responses, however, should not be interpreted as equivalent to modern engineered seismic isolation devices. Rather, they should be understood as conditional dynamic buffering mechanisms whose performance depends on material condition, contact geometry, vertical load, ground condition, and timber joint stiffness. This study reviews selected Japanese heritage cases, including the Todai-ji Museum, Kiyomizu-dera, Horyu-ji Five-Story Pagoda, and the reconstruction of the Aso Shrine Romon Gate, in order to examine how structural safety and conservation principles can be reconciled. The review suggests that a Korean-type hybrid seismic retrofit strategy should prioritize preservation of existing stone foundation systems, limited reinforcement beneath or around the foundation, reversibility, minimal visual intervention, and IoT/AI-based structural health monitoring. As a conceptual review prior to experimental and numerical validation, this study proposes a research framework for cyclic loading tests, shaking-table experiments, nonlinear contact modeling, and the development of conservation-compatible seismic isolation details for Korean wooden heritage architecture.

Keywords

Korean traditional wooden architecture

Stone foundation

Discontinuous support

Seismic isolation

Heritage conservation

Reversible retrofit

Hybrid retrofit

본 연구는 한국 전통 목조건축에서 나타나는 독립 주춧돌 기초 체계의 동적 거동 가능성을 분석하고, 이를 현대 면진 기술 및 문화재 보존형 내진보강 전략과 연계하여 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국 전통 목조건축은 개별 주춧돌 위에 목재 기둥이 직접지지 되는 비연속 접촉 구조를 가지며, 이는 현대 철근콘크리트 건축물의 고정단 기초 조건과 다른 구조적 응답을 형성한다. 특히 기둥-주춧돌 접촉면에서는 지진 또는 수평 하중 작용 시 미세 상대 변위, 국부 요동(rocking motion), 접촉면 마찰에 의한 에너지 소산이 발생할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 이러한 거동은 현대 공학적 의미의 완전한 면진 장치와 동일하게 해석될 수 없으며, 재료 상태, 접촉면 형상, 수직 하중, 지반 조건, 목재 접합부 강성에 따라 달라지는 조건부 동적 완충 메커니즘으로 이해하는 것이 타당하다. 본 연구는 일본의 도다이지 뮤지엄, 기요미즈데라, 호류지 오중탑, 아소신사 누문 복구 사례를 검토하여 문화재 보존 원칙과 구조 안전성 확보 사이의 균형 가능성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 한국 전통 목조건축의 내진보강은 현대 면진 장치를 직접 삽입하는 방식보다 기존 주춧돌 체계를 최대한 보존하면서 기초 하부 또는 비가시 영역에서 제한적 보강을 수행하고, IoT/AI 기반 구조 건전성 모니터링을 결합하는 하이브리드 개조(hybrid retrofit) 접근이 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 실험 및 수치해석 이전 단계의 개념적 고찰 연구로서, 향후 주춧돌-기둥 접촉부 반복 가력 실험, 진동대 실험, 비선형 접촉해석, 문화재 보존형 면진 상세 개발을 위한 기초 연구 방향을 제시한다.

키워드

전통 목조건축

주춧돌 기초

비연속 지지

면진 기술

가역적 보강

하이브리드 개조

References

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Cultural Heritage Administration. (2017). Inspection results of cultural heritage damage in relation to the Pohang earthquake [Press release].
Hong, J. W. (2016). A basic study on seismic diagnosis and retrofitting of cultural heritage: Focused on wooden structural cultural assets in Korea and Japan. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(12), 488-495.
10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.12.488
Hwang, J. S., Hwang, J. K. (2015). Dynamic properties of historical earthquake ground motion acted traditional wooden structure (Bongjeongsa Main Hall) using shaking table test. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 31(11), 37-46.
10.5659/JAIK_SC.2015.31.11.37
Hwang, J. K., Bae, D. H. (2015). A study on the performance index evaluation for wooden cultural heritage building using statistical method. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 31(10), 29-38.
10.5659/JAIK_SC.2015.31.10.29
ICOMOS. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter).
ICOMOS. (1994). The Nara Document on Authenticity.
Tōdai-ji. (2023). Tōdai-ji Museum. Tōdai-ji Official Website.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (1994). Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities).
Shimizu Corporation. (2023). Restoration of Aso Shrine Romon Gate. Shimizu Corporation Official Topics.
Kajima Corporation. (2012). Technology for Minimizing Earthquake Damage. Annual Report 2012.
Kawamura, S., Sugisaki, R., Ogura, K., Maezawa, S., Tanaka, S., Yajima, A. (1996). Seismic Isolation Retrofit in Japan. Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
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10.1007/978-1-4471-0971-6
Skinner, R. I., Robinson, W. H., McVerry, G. H. (1993). An Introduction to Seismic Isolation. Wiley.
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Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of Historic Buildings. Architectural Press.
Lourenço, P. B., Modena, C., Agrawal, S. (2019). Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. Routledge.
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Lagomarsino, S. (2006). On the vulnerability assessment of monumental buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 445-463.
10.1007/s10518-006-9025-y
Pena, F., Lourenço, P. B., Mendes, N., Oliveira, D. V. (2010). Numerical models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower. Engineering Structures, 32(5), 1466-1478.
10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.027
Moon, S. H., An, D. W. (2024). Measuring Displacement before and after Repair on Korean Wooden Built Heritage: Records for Authenticity and Sustainability. Sustainability, 16(3), 1101.
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Information

Publisher :National Heritage Disaster Prevention Society
Publisher(Ko) :국가유산방재학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Cultural Heritage Disaster Prevention
Journal Title(Ko) :저널국가유산
Volume : 11
No :2
Pages :121-132
DOI :https://doi.org/10.69756/jnh.2026.11.2.121

[1] Cultural Heritage Administration. (2016). Damage to cultural heritage and action plan related to the Gyeongju earthquake [Press release].

[2] Cultural Heritage Administration. (2017). Inspection results of cultural heritage damage in relation to the Pohang earthquake [Press release].

[3] Hong, J. W. (2016). A basic study on seismic diagnosis and retrofitting of cultural heritage: Focused on wooden structural cultural assets in Korea and Japan. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(12), 488-495.
10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.12.488

[4] Hwang, J. S., Hwang, J. K. (2015). Dynamic properties of historical earthquake ground motion acted traditional wooden structure (Bongjeongsa Main Hall) using shaking table test. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 31(11), 37-46.
10.5659/JAIK_SC.2015.31.11.37

[5] Hwang, J. K., Bae, D. H. (2015). A study on the performance index evaluation for wooden cultural heritage building using statistical method. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 31(10), 29-38.
10.5659/JAIK_SC.2015.31.10.29

[6] ICOMOS. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter).

[7] ICOMOS. (1994). The Nara Document on Authenticity.

[8] Tōdai-ji. (2023). Tōdai-ji Museum. Tōdai-ji Official Website.

[9] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (1994). Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities).

[10] Shimizu Corporation. (2023). Restoration of Aso Shrine Romon Gate. Shimizu Corporation Official Topics.

[11] Kajima Corporation. (2012). Technology for Minimizing Earthquake Damage. Annual Report 2012.

[12] Kawamura, S., Sugisaki, R., Ogura, K., Maezawa, S., Tanaka, S., Yajima, A. (1996). Seismic Isolation Retrofit in Japan. Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.

[13] Kelly, J. M. (1997). Earthquake-Resistant Design with Rubber. Springer.
10.1007/978-1-4471-0971-6

[14] Skinner, R. I., Robinson, W. H., McVerry, G. H. (1993). An Introduction to Seismic Isolation. Wiley.

[15] Croci, G. (1998). The Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage. Computational Mechanics Publications.

[16] Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of Historic Buildings. Architectural Press.

[17] Lourenço, P. B., Modena, C., Agrawal, S. (2019). Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. Routledge.

[18] ISO. (2010). ISO 13822: Bases for Design of Structures - Assessment of Existing Structures. International Organization for Standardization.

[19] Lagomarsino, S. (2006). On the vulnerability assessment of monumental buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 445-463.
10.1007/s10518-006-9025-y

[20] Pena, F., Lourenço, P. B., Mendes, N., Oliveira, D. V. (2010). Numerical models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower. Engineering Structures, 32(5), 1466-1478.
10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.027

[21] Moon, S. H., An, D. W. (2024). Measuring Displacement before and after Repair on Korean Wooden Built Heritage: Records for Authenticity and Sustainability. Sustainability, 16(3), 1101.
10.3390/su16031101

[22] Mishra, M., Lourenço, P. B., Ramana, G. V. (2024). Internet of Things (IoT) driven structural health monitoring for enhanced seismic resilience. Results in Engineering, 22, 102340.
10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102340

[23] UNESCO. (2013). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.

Journal National Heritage ISSN:3022-9200(Print) 3022-9383(Online) 저널 국가유산

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